Divorced with Children - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2266 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Divorce Essay Did you like this example? It took 17 years for my parents to finally separate from each other which is something Ive been waiting for since I can remember, however I can confidently say that I would not ask for a different past solely because it has shaped me into a person that I can say I am happy with and not everyone can say that. I have been able to take my past and learn from it by analyzing the situation and taking notes from what could have been done differently, instead of being angry about it. My parents, sister and I have all become statistics because of this awful situation, but the sad reality is that millions of children are being affected by this too.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Divorced with Children" essay for you Create order Over the past few decades the number of couples alone getting divorced/separated has grown at a large rate as well as the number of mothers having children before/without marriage. The effects of divorce do not only affect the child and parents, but also society as a whole because the possible effects could potentially harm others due to certain tendencies or actions that may be unknown consequences. Due to the emotional, physical, and mental damage from the divorce families should consider family/marriage therapy in order to attempt to find the solution. Not everyone believes in therapy, however, it does have the potential to have a number of benefits to those who chose to go or who can afford it. In most situations the cost of a therapist would be less than the cost of a divorce which varies depending on the state, as well as potentially helping a failing marriage and stop the damage that could be inflicted on to the child unknowingly by the parents. Though the cause and effect exa mples are common they are not going to happen in every situation which is what makes each individual child unique. No two situations will be exactly the same which plays a large roll in the research and development of this topic due to the fact that every person will have a different perspectives to their own situation. Some of these situations may include, single parent household, married parents, separated parents, divorced parents, wedlock, with relatives, or as a part of the government system in foster care. All of said examples could all have potential outcomes whether they will be good or bad will only be told by time. These are only basic situations of the problem without any further analysis into the any personal aspects of anyones stories such as social status, economic status, prior emotional well-being, and educational situations for some children. The number of different situations and outcomes is endless however the negative effects speak for themselves when those involved suffer from the inflicted damage. Divorce or parental separation can have many short term and long term effects that can follow said child into adulthood, affecting his/her mental, physical and emotional well-being (Anderson 2014). A few of the short-term effects can develop into long-term effects depending on the severity of the situations. The child could potentially lose quality bonding time with the child which could lead to the child resenting the parent for what they feel is neglect, especially during a difficult time of distress i.e. divorce(Anderson 2014). This is the best time for a child in distress to have his/her parents to console and comfort in order to ensure the child is aware of the parents emotional and physical presence. The transition from a stable household to an unstable household, to multiple different homes, to different schools and loss of friends can be stressful for everyone involved and is where the most time will be spent adjusting to the new normal and is the most crucial time where both parents must be present in the childs life in order to keep a strong relationship to attempt to prevent future trauma and damage. Some children may see his/her parents divorce as a sign that the parents religion is not what they want to put their faith into and that marriage is not as sacred as its claimed to be in some religious practices. Both parents are maybe subject to loss of quality time with his/her child, from the father usually having only a limited time to see said child and from the mother potentially having to make up for the financial loss from the divorce. Usually the mother can lose up to 25-50 percent of their annual household income and only about 50 percent of custodial mothers(Anderson) reach child support agreements with the fathers of the child, however, not all mothers will receive the child support. Also the parents can also be subject to negative effects from the divorce which can ultimately come back around to the child. One major example includes falling back into addiction which can negatively influence the child and potentially cause said child to fall into the same hole (Anderson 2014). The side effects of this situations has the potential to damage a child to the point of no return due to all the stress that is set upon them. The damage that could harm the child would include mental, emotional, and physical abuse which could be done by either a parent or by themselves. It could also affect the childs educational future, economic stability, social abilities, trust issues, and relationship issues to name a few. These examples could not only harm the child and the parents but also society when that child becomes a part of it because of all the issues they have experienced and how they react to them. The term that most organizations refer to these type of situations is instability(Huerta 2013). Instability is when a stable environment has become unstable or was never stable to begin with voluntary or involuntary. This definition is an appropriate because it can represent many types of situations, ones mental, physical and emotional state, and the overall description. This generalizes the situations and bunches the data into a broader spectrum in order to fully see all the effects and not just for particular situations. The term will be used for later relations between situations in order to specify why the situation is deemed unstable. Though it was previously stated that there is no definite number of scenarios some websites have categorized different types of instabilities. The article The Negative Effects of Instability on Child Development.,by Sandra Huerta, has 5 categories for the different aspects of instability, which include; economic, employment, family, residential, an d out-of home settings(Huerta,2013). All 5 of these categories can all be affected by the separation/divorce of parents and have significant impacts on everyone involved in said situation. Many of the children who are involved in an unstable household and do not get proper care can develop various issues that could affect their future. Some of the medical issues that could eventually develop would include, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, self images disorders, self esteem issues, just to name a few. All of these issue, if left untreated or unattended to could have potentially life changing implications or even life ending situations. Worst case scenario is depression or anxiety that leads to suicide, however the parental instability is most likely not 100% the reason for one to commit this act, but it may play a large part. One solution that parents or families as a whole could try is therapy. Therapy has a number of benefits that could potentially save a marriage/relationship, help the parents or the family heal, help build communication skills between the family, solve longer running problems that could not be accessed before. With therapy, there is an outside party that is qualified and educated that has the ability to take the information that is given and access the problems and attempt to create a solution or create multiple different tasks that can lead to an ultimate solution. Therapy is a safe space for a family to talk and discuss what problems need to be acknowledged, and for some situations that space could be their only safe space in their life such as domestic abuse victims. Even though a therapist is not allowed to discuss patient informations they can suggest different scenarios for the patient to take certain precautions or go to certain people if the situation calls for it. There are a number of arguments that could be made against going to therapy. Many of the arguments include reasonings that describe therapy as useless, a waste of time, and pointless. Some would also say that therapy would not be the answer to solve their problems and that their relationship is too far gone to save. Other parents may believe that therapist are there to change their childrens minds and turn the kids against them. Some would also say that their children are fine and do not need therapy without even talking to them due to the fact that they dont believe in it so they will not allow their children to seek potentially life changing help. It does not help a child to deprive them of professional help and the potential benefits that come with it, but only hurts them because any problems they could have will now have no opportunity to be acknowledged and accessed. However, these arguments lack any true basis or facts and rely solely on personal preference and opinion on therapy. There are many benefits that therapy can have on a relationship with ones significant other or with their children. Therapy allows everyone involved to be allowed to speak and express any problems or concerns they have which gives them a voice and helps everyone understand that persons feelings. This also allows for a neutral outside party to gain insight into the situation and assess what should be done next. I am not claiming that therapy is the answer, however, I am claiming that it would be ignorant to rule out therapy based solely because they do not believe in it. Therapy is a much better alternative than resulting to a divorce. In some states it can be cheaper to see a therapist than to pay divorce fees. There are just too many potential benefits for both a relationship and for a family, to therapy for it to be ruled out without a second thought. I believe there is more damage done in not going to therapy than going to therapy because all the potential benefits will be wasted. Usually the people who do not believe in therapy have not went out of their way to learn about the subject and what therapy has to offer them and their family. Many children who have been through a divorce or separation will tell you that their parents did not ask them on their opinion or what they were going through which can cause many problems in the future. This can cause potential mental problems to a chi ld if they have to go through a divorce alone without any emotional support or any support at all. Some of the potential problems would include anxiety, trust issues, relationship issues, anger-management issues, resentment towards parents, and many more. The potential effects on society may seem miniscule, but could have a larger impact to the world with the rise in this type of scenario. Though many of the issues that could a effect a child will largely impact them, it will also affect anyone who will come in contact with that person. This is because other people will encounter the issues when they arise during a normal interaction with said person. A couple of examples may include: anxiety attacks, anger-management issues, trust issues, relationship commitment issues, Etc. These effects could potentially harm millions of people mentally, physically, and emotionally because of the tendencies and issues that may plague a persons life all spanning from a parental divorce and at-home instability. Some of those who have experienced divorce/separation fear they may end up like their parents or that they will develop similar tendencies their parents had such as unfaithfulness, temperment issues, abusive tendencies (emotion, physical, and mental), and financial instability to name a few. This is not an uncommon occurrence for those due to the fact that they have been exposed to this type of behavior at a young age and will influence their future personality. Some may become anxious to the idea of a relationship due to his/her parents setting an example that not all relationships are forever which could lead to them having multiple partners without commitment, which is not an uncommon practice already, however, it has the potential to be dangerous if the proper precautions are not taken into account like protection and other contraceptives. In conclusion, divorce/separation on children creates a large possibility to cause negative effects on them in the future, however, therapy could be a solution to attempt to prevent these problems by accessing the problem before it worsens. By going to therapy, parents and their families can attempt to solve their problems that could not be solved at home which is a responsible approach to solving household problems instead of living with and continuing to inflict more damage. The benefits of therapy will have a more positive effect on the child than the effects of his/her life without it due to only the potentiality alone. Therapy has the potential to prevent future problems for future generations to come, by acknowledging problems early and before they have a chance to negatively affect the life of the child, his/her future, and those who will come in contact with them.

Television is the Downfall of our Society Essay - 616 Words

Television is the Downfall of our Society Can you imagine the actual number of people who watch T.V.? People spend more time before the television, than any other thing. Nowadays, even children, to be more specific, toddlers spend most of their time watching T.V. Shouldn?t they be playing with their toys inside or outside, playing in the yard, going to the park for a walk or to play on the swings and slides? Don?t you remember when you were young when your parents took you to the park? All kids went to the park, but nowadays, the park has been substituted with the television and video games (for youth). Maybe this is also a reason why many of our children are obese. Because the television producers have created television show†¦show more content†¦Noton?s World is a very good example of this also, because he performs experiments and talks about science and math during his show. Shows such as cartoons aren?t very educational; however, they can be very entertaining for these children. There are also shows, s uch as The Alyson?s Sisters, which deals with everyday occurrences that relate to them. These twins fall into this age group and the show talks of things that happen to them during and outside of school. For instance, the show talks about their first date, first dance, first kiss, first boyfriend, Etc. For teenagers, shows such as The Fresh Prince, Boy Meets World, Hang Time, Sister Sister, Family Matters, and Change of Heart are being shown on T.V. These shows usually are shown after 3:00 p.m. or during the weekend the time when teenagers are out of school. Teenagers watch these shows because they can relate to the characters. These characters go through the same things that teenagers go through. Sometimes, they wish that they could go through those awesome things that happen to those fictional characters. However, shows like the Jerry Springer Show, aren?t or shouldn?t be watched by teenagers, because it forces a way of being and thinking into their minds. 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What aspects of this passage are of interest, considering the novel as a whole Free Essays

In this passage, a number of key themes are introduced into the novel. Waugh highlights Guy’s dislocation in society and his feelings of loneliness and exclusion. Waugh also satirises the upper class of society greatly throughout the novel and particularly in this passage. We will write a custom essay sample on What aspects of this passage are of interest, considering the novel as a whole? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Other themes presented in the passage which are important to the novel as a whole are themes of selfishness and justice. In the passage, Waugh portrays as lonely and excluded from society at the time. From the statement, ‘There was always someone going Guy’s way towards his hotel, always a friendly arm. But his heart was lonely. , we can see that Guy is unable to find a female companion which adds to his loneliness and gives his life less purpose. Furthermore, he seeks comfort from the old soldiers but ‘Guy found no sympathy among these old soldiers for his own hot indignation’. Guy seems to be insulted by the fact he is not able to lead the life of a typical soldier and feel a sense of inclusion. Later in the novel, Guy psychologically excludes himself from the rest of his regiment by saying ‘It looks as though I am going to be an extra mouth’, implying that he is not useful to society at the time, giving his life little purpose. By describing Guy’s situation, Waugh is questioning whether society fulfils its purpose of making people feel included and useful. Guy’s age acts as a barrier between him and the younger soldiers who call him ‘Uncle’, emphasised when ‘He was excused from parades and Physical Training’ because of his injury. Before the passage, Waugh explains that ‘Guy alone was a stranger among them’. Waugh’s use of emotive language such as ‘Guy alone’ and the word ‘stranger’ help create an image of loneliness, as Guy is different from the rest of the men. Guy’s inability to live a life of fulfilment and feel a sense of inclusion plays a part in Waugh’s satirising of the upper class. Waugh suggests that the exclusivity of the upper class prevents Guy living a life of fulfilment. Guy wants to become a part of the war effort in order to make himself useful but finds himself being excluded. This is supported by Lord Kilbannock who remarks that ‘It’s a very exclusive war at present. Once you’re in, there’s every opportunity. Waugh is able to satirise the upper class by ridiculing the principles, actions and traditions of the Halberdiers. Waugh often patronises the Halberdiers with Guy thinking ‘†¦ it seemed impossible that anything conducted by the Halberdiers could fall short of excellence’. However, this statement is ironic as, in the same chapter, Guy and half a dozen of the Halberdiers receive the wrong order, culminating in them missing the train to their new destination, Kut-al-Imara House. This shows that the Halberdiers give the appearance of a well organised force, but in reality, they are not an efficient fighting force. Waugh also satirises the upper class through the use of double-barreled names. In the passage, the name ‘Box-Bender’ is mentioned. Throughout the novel, Waugh uses double-barrelled names for numerous characters, such as ‘Ritchie-Hook, Sarum-Smith’ and a triple-barrelled name for ‘Grace-Groundling-Marchpole’. In their endeavour to remain exclusive, they have embellished their names to the extent of comical pomposity. However, the name ‘Crouchback’ serves only to exclude Guy yet further, giving a pathetic image of a poor, old man bent over with a sore back. The exclusiveness of the upper class is translated into the theme of selfishness by many characters throughout the novel. Firstly, many young soldiers had their lives ruined by generals such as Ritchie-Hook who were prepared to carelessly ‘spend them’. In the passage, Waugh argues that ‘Most of them had gone straight from school to the trenches and spent the rest of their lives forgetting the mice and lice and noise. ‘ The repetition of the word ‘and’ in this sentence emphasises the negative aspects of war. Secondly, in this novel as a whole, Virginia represents the selfishness of the upper class. She is prepared to use men for their money and leave them if they lose their money. For example, when talking to Guy outside the passage, Virginia reminisces ‘It was the year everyone went broke†¦ That was another of the troubles with Tommy’ and ‘Money gone, Me gone, all in one go’. Both these comments show that Virginia left her husbands when they had no money, illustrating her lack of principles and selfishness. Waugh extends the theme of selfishness in the novel to society in general, when the hotel owners raise their prices such as at the Marine Hotel. Managements and servants had settled down to the simple policy of doing less than they had done before, for rather more money. ‘ They are exploiting their fellow countrymen as they know that comfortable accommodation is at a premium. The moral issues involving Apthorpe’s selfish and ruthless attitude to promotion relate to the theme of justice in the novel. During the passage, justice is considered briefly by the old soldiers. Box-Bender’s view is that ‘You’d have a general strike and the whole country in collapse if you set up to be just’. This reinforces the moral issue that a selfish, immoral man finds it easier to progress in our society, illustrated by men in authority such as the Brigade Major and Ritchie-Hook. Guy takes the Brigade Major’s advice and takes a bottle of whisky to Apthorpe in hospital as an act of kindness, but this results in the death of Apthorpe for which he is forced to take full responsibility. Neither the Brigade Major nor Ritchie-Hook give him any support. This event shows that army life encourages a ruthless, selfish attitude as a lack of justice within the army ranks will ensure this type of character succeeds. How to cite What aspects of this passage are of interest, considering the novel as a whole?, Papers

Essay on Meaningful Event in Life free essay sample

Thinking how the last thing I told him was yeah right and then cried more. Later my grandma came in and told me that later that day we would be able to go see him. So I went out and sat with my two brothers. We hugged and tried to reassure each other â€Å"he was always tough, he can make it out of this but no one felt any better. We paced, we’d fake a smile at each other, and even tried cleaning the house to pass time. Finally we went and saw him. I saw him hooked up to all the machines and just lost it. The toughest man I’ve ever known, Mr. ex-Marine hardass, was laying helpless on the bed. He had even broken both the equipment and a tooth trying to get un-hooked. I ran to my mom and started crying. We sat around for a while and eventually I had to go home. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Meaningful Event in Life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But every day I would go back to the hospital, lie next to him, and lie about how fantastic things were going. Maybe I would say I was playing football and sacked the quarterback. Maybe I would tell him I got a 100 on a test. But I made up a lie, kissed him on the cheek and stayed as long as I could. Later that week my birthday came. Early in the day I went told my lie, kissed him on the cheek and then left for my birthday party. The girl I liked was coming and I just finished going through puberty, I was ready to get some. No matter how much I hate the thought, or how selfish I feel, not a single thought of my dad passed through my mind until I opened his present to me. Then I dropped to me knees. No tears. I just dropped to my knees for a second, before opening it up; a caricature painting of me. Later when it came up to blowing out the candles I thought about him once more, then blew off the thought and wished I would get together with my crush (which later I did) A week later I decided that I didn’t want to go home. I wanted to stay with him, so they let me and I stayed the night. (Being barely ten I didn’t realize they had taken him off life support that day) before I went to sleep I went over and held his hand for a while, and let out the truest cry known to man. I didn’t weep, I didn’t even budge. The only movement in my whole body was the slow trickle of tears from my eyes, to the ground. Soon, having no choice I let go and stood up. Next the most unlikely and greatest thing happened. I swear he reached up and tried to grab my hand again. When I woke up he was dead. It was over. Now I have grown up without a dad. Eventually I got used to it. Some days were better than others. I grew up more mature than everyone else and for a while people distanced themselves from me. I mean who wants to hang out with the socially awkward depressed kid? But it’s okay. I liked the solitude. Even later I became a /b/rother and found baww threads. Every single thread I’m in I think of my dad and how much I miss him and wish things would’ve have been different. I know things could’ve been different. It kills me that I had no control over what happened. I hate myself. I’m just going to say it now, and for the most childish reasons. first, i hate myself because the last things I said to my dad were me being and immature asshole. i hate myself because even though I know its bullshit I feel like I could’ve used that wish to save his life. I hate myself because I don’t think I have made him proud. everything I do, I do for him, trying to make him proud. I will always love you dad. I may not have known you longer but I will never

St. Louis Blues free essay sample

For my listening assignment, I chose the piece, SST. Louis Blues by Bessie Smith and Louis Armstrong, recorded in the late sass. At this time, the country was in the transition from country blues (a single artist accompanied by a single guitar) to city blues (a single artist accompanied by either a piano and/or several instruments). In city blues, the form was based on a very rigid 12-bar blues structure, which used mainly the l, IV, and IV chords in similar progressions each time through.Lyrics were typically sophisticated, dwelling on themes of love, and typically sung by women in a refined manner. SST. Louis Blues Is In the style of city blues. It had a rather slow tempo and more sophisticated lyrics than country blues. The Instrumentation (a solo cornet, Plano and single artist) was somewhat avian-garden for the time. There was a narrow range to the melody. The melody was simple and refined. We will write a custom essay sample on St. Louis Blues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The scale type was the blues scale, which fuses a major and minor scale together.The motives were not even one assure long but repeated every verse. The melody was more diatonic and had less motives with larger intervals. Harmony was not present in the song and all harmonic rules were followed. The rhythms were simple, with no layered effects. However, in the cornet solos, the player (Louis Armstrong) would play improvised riffs in reaction to what the artist (Bessie Smith) was singing in the line preceding his solo, providing an interesting texture to the song. Another Interesting aspect of the song Is the texture.Since It was made In the late asss, the recording equipment wasnt as sophisticated as It Is today, so the clicks, scratches and hisses are present in the recording. Regarding dynamics, the song did not have much dynamic contrast. The piece had only one dynamic, and it was a comfortable mezzo forte throughout. The improvisation in this song really made the song great because it added so much more flavor and style to the piece. It mingled very nicely and expertly with Besides melody lines.Louis also plays some riffs based on what lyrics were being said before his solos, which played to the audiences linings more than Just a melody. The slower tempo Is unique to the city blues because of the lyrics of the songs. Some songs were about lost lovers In which the song would not be a fast one, or about enduring prejudices about race, which would make for a slower tempo. The lyrics of this song are of love; the verses were carefully constructed to fit the form and rhythm. This music was primarily used for functional music, or something that was more in the background for other events.That music was used primarily in vaudeville and minstrel shows, but eventually was incorporated into a 17-minute movie entitled, SST. Louis Blues, which starred Bessie Smith. This started an entirely new way of representing music in movies. The African-Americans lived a hard life in America, and the hardships they endured were present in the lyrics they sang in the blues. This had an enormous affect on the way music was played also. As stated above, the slower tempo was due to the somewhat depressing mood of the songs; many of the songs from that time era were not very fast.The 12-bar blues structure is something hat is easy to follow so even people who enjoyed listening to music but had no formal training could keep up with where the song was going. In the article about Bessie Smith (McGill: The Blues,) Bessie was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee between 1894 and 1898. Bessie had a very rough childhood. Her father died when she was very young and her mother died when she was nine along with two brothers. Bessie started performing on street corners at the age of nine to help support her family, was a professional at 18, landed a record contract ND sold 780,000 copies within six months.She was sponsored by Columbia records and received her bookings from an agency handling black artists called the Theater Owners Booking Association (TUBA. ) By the late sasss, her popularity started to level off and then decline with the closure of her record deal. She started a smooth transition into the more swing version of Jazz but died before she had a chance to develop in that field. The richness and power of her voice led legendary John Hammond to say that Bessie Smith was the greatest artist American Jazz ever produced.

Fashion scene in pakistan essays

Fashion scene in pakistan essays Sleeve less shirts, deep necks, slit shalwars is that the idea of our fashion Well thats what we see on the covers but how many of us wear it But that are all the ideas glossies or non-glossies have there to give it to us. Whether you are viewing a high class magazine or just a magazine printed on a recycled paper... that is all there is to see. Get real how many of us wear this stuff...okay sleeveless fine people do wear but who wears a short top showing the belly and slit pants and well not usual slits but slits that go up to your knee? Just today I opened up this glossy which showed the photo shoot of gals wearing jeans and pathetic shirts...I am not saying that we cant wear it but these are not what I would wear to look classy. Today we cant say that we are illiterate about fashion come on we have fashion schools sprouting up like mushrooms all over the country but I dont see any.. I mean any change in that idea that fashion is not for the masses. The sort of fashion we see in the media is not what the masses wear. We also want to have some style okay some small scale designers do provide us with that but if we are talking about promoting our culture through fashion we are so far behind...what I see is promoting the big mighty west in the fashion industry. We try to copy their cuts their ideas and just adulterate out own sense of fashion. We have big names in this industry but it seems that the clothes are becoming smaller by the day. Yeah they do give the glamour I mean who doesnt like good looking gals wearing skimpy clothes, but is fashion all about showing your body? Figure? Or is it more about looking good? Feeling comfortable? Yeah guys might like looking at gals in these fashion shoots but trust me gals just get more frustrated. I mean design something that echoes our feelings our culture. Now this fashion scene is not exactly limited to photo shoots in the papers. Switch to any Pakistani ...

Mark & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mark & Spencer - Essay Example In this respect, firstly the current objectives and strategy of the organization has been identified and based on which the future objectives and the ways in which they can be measured are prepared. While preparing this, the four perspectives of balanced scorecard has been taken into consideration. The objective mainly concentrates on gaining profitability in the business, increasing customer satisfaction and base, increasing the employee satisfaction and retention and finally creating values for the stakeholders. In order to achieve these objectives, the strategic map has been developed and recommendations have been made to the board of directors. Balanced scorecard has been proved to be the most efficient way in designing strategies, through which the organizational objectives can be achieved. At the same time this organizational objectives will be conveyed to the departmental level. The management can also use this in reviewing the strategies and making changes to them. Table of C ontents Executive Summary 2 1. Introduction 4 2. The vision and strategy 4 3. Balanced Score Card 6 3.1 Financial perspective 7 3.1.1 Objectives 8 3.1.2 Measures 9 3.2 Customer Perspective 9 3.2.1 Objectives 9 3.2.2 Measures 10 3.3 Internal business Perspectives 10 3.3.1 Objectives 11 3.3.2 Measures 11 3.4 Learning and Growth perspective 11 3.4.1 Objectives 11 3.4.2 Measures 12 4. Strategy Map 12 5. Recommendations 13 6. Use of Balanced Scorecards 14 Reference list 16 1. Introduction Balanced scorecard can be defined as the set of measures that has been selected carefully and derived from the strategy of the organization. The measures that are selected under the balanced scorecard are the tools via which the leaders can communicate with the external stakeholders and the employees regarding the performance and the outcome drivers through which the organization will succeed in achieving the strategic objectives and mission. In simple terms, balanced scorecard is a useful tool for thre e things like a strategic management system, a management system and a communication tool (Niven, 2011). Over 129 years, Marks and Spencer (M&S) has developed from a single market stall to a multi-channel retailer. The organization is now operating in more than 50 territories with over 82,000 people (Marks and Spencer plc, 2013a). The organization is true to the foundation values and offers the customers, products that are relevant to their choice and preferences. They aim to deliver excellent shopping experience to the customers. This study focus on using balanced scorecard for developing a strategic map for the organization. 2. The vision and strategy The vision of M&S is to expand their international presence and develop into a multi-channel retailer, so that they are accessible to a large number of customers present all around the world. In order to achieve this vision, the company has adopted a large number of activities and has been making good progress over the time. The stra tegies that they follow are discussed below: In order to increase their focus on the business of United Kingdom (UK), they have initiated activities like trusted food, perfectly edited, Cheshire Oak and concept of new home. Trusts are the most important aspect that is given importance by the customers while choosing a brand. The customers turn towards M&S because of their responsibly sourced and high quality food. In order to

Life in Thailand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Life in Thailand - Essay Example Since that time I wanted to write a book myself. When I turned five years old, I and my family moved back to Bangkok. So I know two dialects of Thai language. At the age of nine, my parents sent me to Singapore for my education. There Singapore, I was taught English that followed the British System. I didn’t get that British accent but got used to it. People in Singapore have a unique accent called â€Å"Sing-lish†. There are many people of different races and cultures in the city of Singapore. Most of them are Chinese, Malay, and Indian. So I even studied the Chinese language when I was in Singapore and that also influenced my speech. So now have something like English-British-Singlish-Thai accent and a mix of languages in my mind. After that, I moved to Los Angeles for studying in Junior High. When I began living in the USA I also heard and adopted the American accent and because of that, I have had a hard time speaking and understanding. It felt like all the language s and dialects were mixed up in my head. It was a difficult time not only for me but also for my new friends and teachers, it was hard for them to understand what I was trying to say. And even now I still have an echo of this problem in my life. Sometimes I still feel that it is difficult for people to understand my speech. But, unfortunately, I cannot do anything with that. The name of my native country is the word, which sounds like â€Å"Thai† in our language, means â€Å"freedom† and we call our country â€Å"Prathet Thai† while the name that all the people got used to Thailand appeared only in 1930th. Speaking about the culture of Thailand I should mention that Buddhism and other religions and beliefs greatly influenced Thai art and way of life.  Ã‚  

Justice and the Island of Tagg PowerPoint Presentation

Justice and the Island of Tagg - PowerPoint Presentation Example Unjust laws deny citizens the right to utilize public resources for their own benefit. The council of elders should scrap laws that discriminate on gender in the island of Tagg. Laws that compel the state to make decisions on behalf of the citizens of the island of Tagg should be rejected because they are unjust. Authorities ought to repeal laws that prohibit freedom of expression among citizens of the island of Tagg. Repealing the laws benefits the public by giving them the right to access information. Laws that allow authorities to refute the public the privilege to access vital information are unjust because they create tension and anxiety among members of the public. According to Sandel (2007), a law is unjust based on an individuals’ rational thinking.    Comparison between just and unjust laws   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Walzer, (2006), Laws are constructed social limitations to human behavior. They are devised to ensure order in the society.   Each individual in the island is held responsible for maintaining the laws of the land. Laws can be just or unjust.   In the case of Tugg Island, a just law is the one seen to represent an individuals and the society equitably. It elevates the human personality no matter the race, status or gender.   It is rooted in the moral and religious laws of the people. An unjust law is one that is in disharmony with the moral laws (Sandel, 2007). For a law to be just one must have an understanding of the wrong they did and the punishment or reward should commensurate to the offence. Therefore, any law that lowers the human nature is unjust. Unjust laws relegate people to the status of animals or things. It classifies people

Does Leadership Affect Employee Commitment Management Essay

Does Leadership Affect Employee Commitment Management Essay In this thesis, the influence of different leadership styles, on the commitment of employees will be researched. According to the literature, commercial performances of companies depend on the commitment of employees. (Bovenlander en Timmer, 2007). However there are different interpretations of commitment. According to Sheldon (1971, p.143) commitment appears when the identity of the person (is linked to organization. Hall et al., (1970 p. 176) commitment appears when the goals of the organization and those of the individual become increasingly integrated or congruent In general one can argue that when commitment of the employees towards the company is high, this will have a positive influence on the organization. In fact, managers or leaders have an influence on the commitment and motivation among their employees. Managers have a great influence on their staff. They have an influence on the commitment of employees to achieve the business objectives. Earlier research points out that HRM investments provide a good job experience and thus commitment of the employees (Steijn, 2003). Not only HRM managers, but also other managers must ensure the commitment of the employees. Avolio et al. (2004) argued that leaders can have a positive influence on work motivation. They also argued that this study is not completed yet. Future research also needs to collect ratings of leadership, empowerment, and outcomes from multiple sources over time to adequately test the mediating effects of psychological empowerment on the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. (Avolio et al., 2004 p. 964) A lot of research is done about commitment and leadership, but which way of leadership is the best way to create commitment among employees? This reason makes this field a very interesting field of research. This literature review focalizes on different leadership styles and their influence on commitment. This will be examined in this paper, by means of a literature review. This will result in a clear and proper insight in commitment, leadership and the connection between these two variables. Problem statement How does leadership influence the commitment of employees? Research Questions An answer on the problem statement will be given by the following sub questions: What are the different leaderships styles and what are the characteristics of these styles? What is commitment and how can commitment be measured? How can leaders improve the commitment of their employees? Methodology This literature review will be a exploratory research. This is done on a descriptive basis. The typical approach for this thesis will be to rely on available literature: existing theses and studies from well-known scientists. (Sekaran and Bougie, 2009) For this research it is necessary to investigate the following variables: commitment and the different leadership styles and his characteristics. The results of this research will be the basis for further empirical research. Further empirical research will consist about the link between the variables commitment and leadership. The scientific papers that will be discussed are located on websites or the Tilburg Universitys library. Structure To give an answer to the main question of this thesis, how does leadership influence the organization with respect to work motivation, you first need to find an answer on the two sub questions. To give an answer on the sub questions, it is necessary to investigate the variables leadership and motivation. Regarding motivation it is important to know all the factors that may have an influence on the work motivation of employees. Leadership will be examined using two different styles. Namely transactional and transformational leadership. After that it is possible to connect leadership with work motivation. This will be the last chapter of the this thesis and will give you a clear and proper answer on the main question. Chapter 1: Leadership In the following chapter different leadership styles will be analyzed. What are the different leaderships styles and what are the characteristics of these styles? This question is the main question that will be answered in this chapter. Although several approaches to leadership, the distinction made between transformational and transactional leadership is the most prominent in the literature (Keegan and Den Hartog, 2004). Firstly, the different leadership styles will be described. After that transformational and transactional leaders will be further explained. Finally, a short conclusion will be made. 1.1 Leadership styles In this paragraph will be analyzed which leadership styles are mainly used by prominent researchers. In the second part of this paragraph these leadership styles will be further analyzed. A distinction between transformational and transactional leadership will be made. In the past, there have been several studies on leadership. So did Alice H. Eagly, Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt (2001) research about the difference between the leadership styles of men and women. Eagly and Johannesen-Schmidt (2001) argued that women face more barriers to become leaders than men do. They try to make a distinction between female and male managers using transactional, transformational and Laissez-Faires leadership. Researcher Weber (1947) described four different leadership styles. He was one of the first who made a distinction between transformational and transactional leadership. Also prominent researchers did further research with respect to transformational and transactional leadership. Bass (1985) and Burns (1978) developed new thoughts on transformational and transactional leadership. Therefore is chosen only to discuss transformational and transactional leadership in this literature review. In the next paragraph these two styles will be further analyzed. 1.1.1 Transactional leadership Transactional leadership occurs when the initiative of one person towards others to make contact for an exchange of something valuable. (Burns,1978) (Bass, 1985) (Kuhnert and Lewis, 1987) Bass (1990) made a distinction between four types of transactional leaders. Contingent reward: The manager gives rewards if employees perform well by giving pay increases and advancement. But he also gives penalties if they do not perform well. Management by exception (active): A transactional leader only takes action when things went wrong. He is constantly looking for deviant behavior and then he takes corrective action. (Bass,1990) Management by exception (passive): In this typology the manager intervenes only if the standards are not met. Laissez-Faire: Some researches argued that this is a separate leadership style (Eagly and Johannesen-Schmidt, 2001), but Bass (1990) argued that this is a part of transactional leadership. A Laissez-Faire manager constantly avoids decision making, he takes no responsibility. Bass (1990) find this kind of leadership ineffective and, in the long run, counterproductive. Also he found out that the effectiveness of this style depends on the control that the leader has on the rewards or penalties. 1.1.2 Transformational leadership Transformational leaders are charismatic leaders, that is why they inspire their employees. Employees wants to identify with this leaders. They give each employee personal attention and treat them individually. He intellectually stimulates his followers and gives advice and coaches them individually. He gains respect and trust. He tries to solve each problem carefully (Bass, 1990). This is a general description of a transformational leader. In a more recent attempt to define a transformational leader, Avolio, B.J., Bass, B.M., Jung, D.I. and Berson, Y. (2003) made a distinction between four different types of transformational leaders: Idealized influence: These leaders are admired, respected and trusted. Followers identify with and want to emulate their leaders. Among the things the leader does to earn credit with followers is to consider followers needs over his or her own needs. The leader shares risks with followers and is consistent in conduct with underlying ethics, principles and values. (Avolio et al., 2003) Inspirational motivation: Leaders behave in ways that motivate those around them by providing meaning and challenge to their followers work. Individual and team spirit is aroused. Enthusiasm and optimism are displayed. The leader encourages followers to envision attractive future states, which they can ultimately envision for themselves. (Avolio et al., 2003) Intellectual stimulation: Leaders stimulate their followers effort to be innovative and creative by questioning assumptions, reframing problems and approaching old situations in new ways. There is no ridicule or public criticism of individual members mistakes. New ideas and creative solutions to problems are solicited from followers, who are included in the process of addressing problems and finding solutions. (Avolio et al., 2003) Individualized consideration: Leaders pay attention to each individuals need for achievement and growth by acting as a coach or mentor. Followers are developed to successively higher levers of potential. New learning opportunities are created along with a supportive climate in which to grow. Individual differences in terms of needs and desires are recognized. (Avolio et al., 2003) 1.1.3 LMX Leadership In the available literature there is done a lot of research with regard to the relationship between LMX and commitment. Howell en Hall-Merenda (1999) argued that LMX and transformational leadership can be seen as complementary. The effects of transformational leadership and LMX on the commitment of employees are equal. Consequently, when the term transformational leadership is used in this review it is also applicable to LMX. For this reason, in this thesis only the term transformational leadership will be used. Furthermore in this paragraph, LMX leadership will be shortly explained. The theory of a LMX is based on the fact that not every employee receives the same treatment from his leader. Every leader develops his own unique relationship with every individual employee. (Liden Maslyn, 1998). Every relationship of leaders and subordinates has his own characteristics with respect to the interaction between the leader and the subordinate. There are four different components who describe the relationship between a leader and his subordinate. Affection, loyalty, task-related behavior and respect. Affection is related to the like-factor. Loyalty means that the employee and leader publicly support each others behavior and character. Task-related behavior is related to the performance in the organization. Finally, respect is related to respect for each others professional knowledge and skills. (Liden Maslyn, 1998). Every relationship can have each of the different components. But it is also possible that all of the components are applicable on the relation. Close rel ationships can be characterized with confidence, respect, mutual influence and likeability. These relationships, with a high LMX, are called in-group. Opposite relations, thus not a close relationship, is just a work relationship because of the contract that is signed. These relations, with a low LMX, are called out-group. (Dansereau, Graen, Haga, 1975). Thus, the theory of Leader-Member Exchange argued that every relationship between a leader and a subordinate is unique and develops in course of time. 1.4 Conclusion This paragraph is a short conclusion about leadership. In the foregoing paragraphs there is an overview of what types are mainly used and most successful. In this paragraph a comparison between transformational and transactional leadership will be made. There is much literature available about leadership. As mentioned above Howell en Hall-Merenda (1999) argued that LMX and transformational leadership can be seen as complementary. For this reason, only transformational leadership will be discussed in this thesis. However, there is no clear agreement with reference to transactional and transformational leadership. Bass (1985) suggested that the best way of leadership is a combination between these two styles. But actually all researchers agree with the fact that only transactional leadership is outdated. Managers who behave like transformational leaders are more likely to be seen by their colleagues and employees as satisfaction and effective leaders than are those who behave like transactional leaders (Bass,1990). As mentioned above transactional leaders can be effective in clarifying the expectations and organizational objectives, but in the long run its ineffective and counterproductive. Bass (1990) also argued that you need to operate as a transformational leader to improve the performance of employees. Several researchers pointed out that there is a positive relationship between transformational leadership and performance, reported in the literature. (Avolio et al., 2003). As mentioned above, in the introduction, commitment is one of the factors that has an influence on the performance. Chapter 2: Commitment This chapter will cover the concept of commitment. Mowday, Porter, and Dubin (1974) suggested that highly committed employees may perform better than less committed ones This further demonstrates that commitment needs to be investigated. In the first paragraph will be explained what commitment actually is according to several researchers. In the second paragraph, the question that will be answered is how commitment can be measured. Finally, a short conclusion about commitment will be given. 2.1 What is commitment? There is a great amount of research done about commitment. It is impossible to give one definition about commitment. Every researcher has his own approach towards commitment, they all have their own interpretation. In this research commitment will be described using uni-dimensional commitment and multi-dimensional commitment. 2.1.1 Uni-dimensional commitment One of the first researches from Mowday, R.T. , Steers, R.M. and Porter, L.W. (1979) argued that many of these definitions focus on commitment-related behaviors. For example when we talk about someone becoming bound by his actions or behaviors that exceed formal and/or normative expectations, we are in effect focusing on overt manifestations of commitment (Mowday et al., 1979). Several researchers described affective commitment in terms of an attitude, as mentioned in the introduction. The identity of the person (is linked) to the organization (Sheldon, 1971, p. 143) or when the goals of the organization and those of the individual become increasingly integrated or congruent ( Hall et al., 1970 p. 176) Cohen (2007) argued that affective commitment is highest and deepest form of the organizational commitment. Further on in this paper commitment will be measured, so only the definition of Porter will be discussed. According to Porter an employee is committed to an organization when he or she identifies themselves with the organization and he or she is involved in the organization. Mowday et al. ( 1979) defined three characteristics related to commitment: a strong belief in and acceptance of the organizations goals and values. a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization. a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization. 2.1.2 Multi-dimensional commitment The description of uni-dimensional commitment is the classical approach of commitment and made years ago. More recent attempts to give a clear insight commitment points out that uni-dimensional commitment, as earlier described not covers the whole part of commitment. It only covers the part of affective commitment. (Hackett, Bycio Hausdorf, 1994) There are three distinct types of commitment (Meyer Allen, 1991) : Affective commitment Continuance commitment Normative commitment Affective commitment refers to the employees emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization. If an employee has a strong affective commitment, he wants to continue his employment because he want it to do. (Meyer Allen, 1991). This is the part as mentioned above in affective commitment. Continuance commitment and normative commitment complete the multi-dimensional commitment. Continuance commitment refers to an awareness of the costs associated with leaving the organization. Employees who primary link to the organization is based on continuance commitment remain because they need to so. (Meyer Allen, 1991). Normative commitment reflects a feeling of obligation to continue employment. Employees with a high level of normative commitment feel that they ought to remain with the organization. (Meyer Allen, 1991) Thus, employees with a strong affective commitment remains with the organization because they want it. Employees with a strong continuance commitment wants to remain with the organization because they need it. And employees with a strong normative commitment remains with the organization because they ought it. Meyer Allen (1991) argued that affective, continuance and normative commitment will be seen as components and not as different types of commitment. Each component is influenced by his own antecedents. The rate of affective commitment is related with your personal characteristics and work experience. Continuance commitment is determined by personal characteristics, alternatives and investments. Thus, when a employee has no other alternatives for what he is doing now he will continue with the organization. Investments, also known as side bets, means everything that an individual invests in a relationship, such as efforts, time and money, that would be lost or decreased when the individual would end the relationship. The rate of normative commitment is related with the antecedents personal characteristics, socialization experience and organizational investments. Normative commitment develops as a result of socialization experience that gives morale pressure to remain with the organization. Organizational investments comes from the receiving of much advantage by the employee. The employee wants to pay it back (Bovenlander, 2007). In the appendix is shown a figure the relationships between the expected antecedents, forms of commitment and the expected results according to Meyer Allen. 2.2 How can commitment be measured? The main question of this paragraph is how commitment can be measured. Researchers did several approaches to measure commitment. There is a large amount of approaches to measure commitment, but in the foregoing paragraph commitment is defined as uni-dimensional commitment and multi-dimensional commitment. These two explanations will be used to measure commitment. To measure commitment, Mowday, Steers and Porter (1979) developed the Organizational Commitment Questionnarie (OCQ). This questionnaire consists of fifteen different statements, which try to measure the three commitment related characteristics as mentioned in the foregoing paragraph. In the appendix are the fifteen statements according to Mowday et al., (1979). More Meyer Allen argued that this approach to measure commitment only measures the part of affective commitment. To measure the three parts of commitment, affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment, they developed the Three-Component Organizational Commitment Scale. This scale consists of several statements, each component of commitment can be measured by his own statements. Listed below are some examples of the Three-Component Organizational Commitment scale according to Meyer Allen in several studies. Affective Commitment I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this organization I really feel as if this organizations problems are my own Continuance Commitment Right now, staying with my organization is a matter of necessity as much as desire It would be very hard for me to leave my organization right now, even if I wanted to Normative Commitment I do not feel any obligation to remain with my current employer Even if it were to my advantage, I do not feel it would be right to leave my organization now The Three-Component Organizational Commitment Scale appears to be a reliable scale to measure affective, calculative and normative commitment. The model and the measurement instrument focus especially on the commitment of a whole organization. In a later stage this model is also translated towards other objects of commitment, such as the appeal to test the generalization of the model. How an employee behave on his work depends on the organizational commitment and the occupational level. The occupational level is the level of commitment with reference to the profession itself. The three components of commitment with the profession are associated with variables who measure the antecedents of commitment as mentioned above. Meanwhile it point out to be that a high organizational and occupational commitment lead to performance improvements and low staff turnover. (Meyer Allen, 1993) 2.3 Conclusion In this paragraph a short conclusion about commitment will be given. The most complete form to describe commitment is the Multi-Dimensional way. According to this description of Meyer Allen commitment consists of three components. The affective component, the continuance component and the normative component. In fact, employees with a strong affective commitment remains with the organization because they want it. Employees with a strong continuance commitment wants to remain with the organization because they need it. And employees with a strong normative commitment remains with the organization because they ought it. These components where influenced by the different antecedents as shown in the figure of paragraph 2.1. In an approach to measure affective commitment Mowday et al., (1979) developed a Organizational Commitment Questionnarie (OCQ). To measure affective, continuance and normative commitment, Meyer Allen developed the Three-Component Organizational Commitment Scale. It measures the three different components of the Multi-dimensional commitment. This model appears to be a reliable scale to measure commitment. A positive organizational and occupational commitment lead to performance improvements and low staff turnover. This could be a very interesting outcome for organizations and managers. Chapter 3: Commitment and leadership As mentioned in the introduction transformational leadership has a positive connection with organizational commitment. (Avolio et al., 2004). In the two foregoing chapters of this research leadership and commitment is discussed. In the first paragraph the connection between leadership and commitment will be described. Additionally will be explained what exactly this connection is and an answer on the main question of this research will be given: What is the influence of leadership on the commitment of employees? 3.1 Connection between leadership and commitment The following chapter will provide information about the link between commitment and leadership. First, shortly will be explained which connection there is between leadership and commitment according to the two foregoing chapters. Commitment is one of the factors that have an influence on the performance. And as mentioned in a foregoing chapter, several researches pointed out that there is a positive relationship between transformational leadership and performance, reported in the literature (Avolio et al., 2003, 2004). Bass (1990) also argued that you need to operate as a transformational leader to improve the performance of employees. Thus, the conclusion that transformational leadership has an influence on the organizational commitment can be made. Transactional leadership will not be discussed in this chapter, because researches cannot find a positive connection between transactional leadership and organizational commitment. As mentioned above transactional leadership is ineffective en counterproductive on the long run. 3.2 Transformational leadership and affective commitment Earlier research points out that it is mainly the part of affective commitment of an employee who is related to various organizational issues as leadership. (Purcell Hutchingson, 2007). As mentioned in the foregoing paragraph there is only a positive connection between transformational leadership and commitment. Thus, this review will only cover the part of transformational leadership and his connection with affective commitment. According to Truckenbrodt (2000) appears that a high quality of exchange between leader and employee lead to a high organizational commitment. And a low quality of exchange lead to a low organizational commitment. In practice, a high quality of exchange means that a leader gives an employee responsibility. A leader involves the employee in the decision making and gives him autonomy. Several researchers pointed out that a high quality relationship between a leader and an employee creates more commitment among the employees. (Gernster and Day, 1997) (Basu en Green, 1997) As mentioned earlier in this paragraph, there is a positive connection between affective commitment and transformational leadership. Which means that when a leader operate as a transformational leader and the quality of exchange is high, it creates high affective commitment among employees. The rate of affective commitment is related with personal and organizational factors and characteristics and work experience of an employee. So, now it is clear that there is a relation, and what that relation is. However, it is interesting to know how leaders can have an influence on this and so create a high quality of exchange. According to Shamir, House, Arthur (1993) transformational leaders are capable to have an influence on the organizational commitment of employees by promoting higher levels of intrinsic value associated with goal accomplishment, emphasizing the linkages between follower effort and goal achievement, and by creating a higher level of personal commitment on the part of the leader and followers to a common vision, mission, and organizational goals. But how can transformational achieve these goals. Avolio (1999) argued that transformational leaders influence followers organizational commitment by encouraging followers to think critically by using novel approaches, involving followers in decision-making processes, inspiring loyalty, while recognizing and appreciating the different needs of each follower to develop his or her personal potential. In summary, transformational leaders can have an influence on the affective part of commitment. They need to get their employees involved by the organization. There are different components that has an influence on the commitment. For example, the involvement of an employee in the decision-making is an important issue to create commitment among employees. 3.3 Psychological influence on commitment of employees Another issue that cannot be underestimate is the psychological influence that transformational leaders can have on organizational commitment. In this paragraph will be explained what several researches suggested about this subject. Transformational leaders can have an influence on several aspects such that employees are capable to get everything out of themselves (Lowe et al., 1996). Aspirations, identities, needs and preferences are some of these aspects that Lowe et al. (1996) argued about in his literature review. Transformational leaders are able to ensure that employees wants to identify with them. Transformational leaders have the potential to make clear towards their employees how essential a wealthy career and future is. That is how they can create committed and motivated employees, because their employees want to meet this expectations (Avolio et al., 2004). As mentioned earlier commitment is one of the factors that has an great influence on performance. Several researches pointed out that these leaders try to create a working climate which results in good performances. They try to do it with their enthusiasm, high moral standards, integrity, and optimism and provide meaning and challenge to their followers work, enhancing followers level of self-efficacy, confidence, meaning, and self-determination (Avolio et al., 2004). Leaders are constant seeking for different ways to let employees perform well. Transformational leaders wants give their subordinates new insight of getting things done. They try to intellectual stimulate them. (Bass Avolio, 1997). As mentioned earlier it is from great importance to give employees responsibility and getting them involved in the decision-making. The more committed an employee is, the better the performance. Hughes, Ginnett, Curphy (1999) argued that an intensive supervision by means of coaching, giving feedback and encouragement, ensure that the self-confidence of an employee in his performance increases. This occurs through a transformational leader, who try to have close ties with every employee, so that he or she knows exactly what is in the employees mind. Shamir (1995) suggested that physically close leaders have a greater opportunity to show individualized consideration, sensitivity to followers needs, and support for the development of employees. Transformational leaders, as mentioned above, who knows exactly what is in the mind of an employee, give intense supervision, give feedback and so on, are called close leaders. Leaders with a less close relationship, which are on distant of their employees are named, as the term suggest, distant leaders. Close leaders have a very positive effect on organizational issues as performance and commitment. Thus, when an employee believes that their leader involves them in the organization, due to the foregoing ways, they feel a high commitment towards the organization. 3.4 Conclusion In this paragraph a conclusion about the connection between commitment will be summarized. In fact, an answer on the main question of this research will be given. How does leadership influence the commitment of employees? Avolio et al. (2004), suggested that transformational leadership has a positive connection with organizational commitment. Commitment is one of the factors that have an influence on the performance. So commitment could be a very interesting organizational issue for transformational leaders. Earlier research points out that it is mainly the part of affective commitment of an employee who is related to various organizational issues as leadership. (Purcell Hutchingson, 2007). Thus, transformational leaders can have an influence on the affective commitment of employees. Several researchers pointed out that a high quality relationship between a leader and an employee creates more commitment among the employees. (Truckenbrodt, 2000) (Gernster and Day, 1997) (Basu and Green, 1997) An interesting question that now arises is, how transformational leaders can ens

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Henrik Ibsen Dolls House Essay

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House Ibsens's play is a modern tragedy which functions on two levels, questioning the established social order of the day and presenting the death of a marriage. Both these events create a great deal of tension, and combined with the language and actions used by the characters, make the play very intense. The main cause of dramatic tension throughout the play is the way that the difference between the real nature of the characters and the roles they are assigned by society is presented. This difference is demonstrated by the disparity in the action of the characters in comparison with their lexical choice. The initial impression given by the opening scene is of a happy traditional household. The first element of dramatic tension in the play is introduced when Nora demonstrates this inconsistency when she lies to Helmer about having eaten macaroons, Helmer: "Has my little sweet-tooth been indulging herself in town today, by any chance?" Nora: "No, how can you think such a thing?" It displays the way in which Nora is not always entirely honest with Helmer in order to maintain the inferior and obeying image he has of her. It indicates that all is not as it first appears, creating dramatic irony and tension, as the audience are aware of the truth, yet Helmer is not. The immediate declarative used, "No" followed by the interrogative "How can you think such a thing" displays that Nora is firstly attempting to remove all doubt of her innocence, and then switch the focus of the conversation to Helmer to distract from the fact that it is she who is lying. Language is used to create dramatic tension as the different registers used by the characters in different situa... ...s something is going to happen or its near the end Unexpected turn when Mrs Linde says Helmer must know the truth Nora HINTS AT PLOT Helmer points out Nora's vulnerability - what would happen if he died. When Helmer condemns Krogstad - dramatic irony because audience know Nora has done the same as him. WAITING Nora almost telling Helmer but delayed as Dr rank drops in and gives black crosses so she has to wait longer. Helmer goes to study to read the letter - audience and Nora are waiting to see what happens when he returns. DESPERATION Krogstad warns Nora against suicide - shows how desperate she must be. Tarantella dance displays her desperation physically. IMAGERY The Christmas tree reflects Nora's state (e.g. bright and colourful at the beginning, candles burnt out nearer the end) Fancy dress represents Nora wearing her false self